Visa and Mastercard have announced they are suspending operations in Russia.
Credit and debit cards issued by Russian banks will no longer work outside of the country.
Russian businesses and cash machines will also be unable to accept cards issued abroad.
Both companies handle 90% of all debit and credit card payments
outside of China - and their announcements will deal another significant
blow to the Russian economy.
Visa's chief executive Al Kelly
said: "We are compelled to act following Russia's unprovoked invasion of
Ukraine, and the unacceptable events that we have witnessed."
And Mastercard described the events of the past 10 days as "shocking
and devastating", adding: "We don't take this decision lightly.
Mastercard has operated in Russia for more than 25 years."
Earlier on Saturday,
PayPal also shut down its services in Russia. Chief executive Dan
Schulman said the company "stands with the international community in
condemning Russia's violent military aggression in Ukraine".
It comes as a growing number of retailers sever business ties with the
country - with the likes of Puma and IKEA shutting stores, Apple and
Microsoft halting product sales, and Hollywood studios postponing the
release of new movies.
Visa and Mastercard's move will substantially increase financial
pressure on Russia and its consumers. The rouble has hit record lows
against the dollar, inflation is surging and the country's central bank
has raised interest rates dramatically.
Coinbase
and Binance have argued that "everyone deserves access to basic
financial services", and an outright ban would harm innocent consumers -
many of whom "likely oppose what their country is doing".
Although
both trading platforms have said they will restrict access to
sanctioned individuals and entities, they have suggested that they will
enforce a nationwide ban if their hand is forced by the US government.
Brian
Armstrong, Coinbase's co-founder, tweeted: "We don't think there's a
high risk of Russian oligarchs using crypto to avoid sanctions. Because
it is an open ledger, trying to sneak lots of money through crypto would
be more traceable than using US dollars, cash, art, gold or other
assets."
The suspension of Visa and Mastercard's services come days after both companies blocked a number of financial institutions from their networks in compliance with government sanctions.
Russia
has been building an alternative payment network that does not rely on
these two companies since 2015 - but data from the country's central
bank suggests it only has a market share of about 30%.
A number of
Russian financial institutions have also been removed from SWIFT, the
global interbank messaging system that plays a crucial role in
cross-border transactions.
Visa has said that it regrets the impact that the suspension will
have on Russian colleagues, merchants and cardholders, but added: "This
war and the ongoing threat to peace and stability demand we respond in
line with our values."
Mastercard's statement expressed hopes of a "more positive,
productive and peaceful future for us all", adding: "These have been and
will continue to be very difficult days - most of all for our employees
and their families in Ukraine; for our colleagues with relatives and
friends in the region; for our colleagues in Russia; and for the rest of
us who are watching from afar. "
Vladimir Putin has described Western sanctions on Russia as being "equivalent to declaring a war", insisting that his invasion of Ukraine was driven by a need to protect Russian speakers in the country.
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