Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined
Article by Alexandre Hassanin in "The Conversation":
In the space of a few weeks, we have all learned a lot about
COVID-19 and the virus that causes it: SARS-CoV-2. But there have also
been a lot of rumours. And while the number of scientific articles on
this virus is increasing, there are still many grey areas as to its
origins.
In which animal species did it occur? A bat, a pangolin or
another wild species? Where does it come from? From a cave or a forest
in the Chinese province of Hubei, or elsewhere?
In December 2019, 27 of the first 41 people hospitalised (66%)
passed through a market located in the heart of Wuhan city in Hubei
province. But, according to a study conducted at Wuhan Hospital, the very first human case identified did not frequent this market. Instead, a molecular dating estimate based on the SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequences indicates an origin in November. This raises questions about the link between this COVID-19 epidemic and wildlife.
Genomic data
The SARS-CoV-2 genome was rapidly sequenced by Chinese researchers. It is an RNA
molecule of about 30,000 bases containing 15 genes, including the S
gene which codes for a protein located on the surface of the viral
envelope (for comparison, our genome is in the form of a double helix of
DNA about 3 billion bases in size and contains about 30,000 genes).
Comparative genomic analyses have shown that SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the group of Betacoronaviruses and that it is very close to SARS-CoV,
responsible for an epidemic of acute pneumonia which appeared in
November 2002 in the Chinese province of Guangdong and then spread to 29
countries in 2003. A total of 8,098 cases were recorded, including 774
deaths. It is known that bats of the genus Rhinolophus (potentially
several cave species) were the reservoir of this virus and that a small carnivore, the palm civet (Paguma larvata), may have served as an intermediate host between bats and the first human cases.
Since then, many Betacoronaviruses have been discovered, mainly
in bats, but also in humans. For example, RaTG13, isolated from a bat of
the species Rhinolophus affinis collected in China’s Yunan Province,
has recently been described as very similar to SARS-CoV-2, with genome sequences identical to 96%.
These results indicate that bats, and in particular species of the
genus Rhinolophus, constitute the reservoir of the SARS-CoV and
SARS-CoV-2 viruses.
But how do you define a reservoir? A reservoir is one or several
animal species that are not or not very sensitive to the virus, which
will naturally host one or several viruses. The absence of symptoms of
the disease is explained by the effectiveness of their immune system,
which allows them to fight against too much viral proliferation.
Recombination mechanism
On February 7, 2020, we learned that a virus even closer to SARS-CoV-2 had been discovered in pangolin. With 99% of genomic concordance reported, this suggested a more likely reservoir than bats. However, a recent study under review
shows that the genome of the coronavirus isolated from the Malaysian
pangolin (Manis javanica) is less similar to SARS-Cov-2, with only 90%
of genomic concordance. This would indicate that the virus isolated in
the pangolin is not responsible for the COVID-19 epidemic currently
raging.
However, the coronavirus isolated from pangolin is similar at 99%
in a specific region of the S protein, which corresponds to the 74
amino acids involved in the ACE (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2)
receptor binding domain, the one that allows the virus to enter human
cells to infect them. By contrast, the virus RaTG13 isolated from bat R.
affinis is highly divergent in this specific region (only 77 % of
similarity). This means that the coronavirus isolated from pangolin is
capable of entering human cells whereas the one isolated from bat R.
affinis is not.
In addition, these genomic comparisons suggest that the
SARS-Cov-2 virus is the result of a recombination between two different
viruses, one close to RaTG13 and the other closer to the pangolin virus.
In other words, it is a chimera between two pre-existing viruses.
This recombination mechanism had already been described
in coronaviruses, in particular to explain the origin of SARS-CoV. It
is important to know that recombination results in a new virus
potentially capable of infecting a new host species. For recombination
to occur, the two divergent viruses must have infected the same organism
simultaneously.
Two questions remain unanswered: in which organism did this
recombination occur? (a bat, a pangolin or another species?) And above
all, under what conditions did this recombination take place?
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