France commemorates 80-year anniversary of Provence landings
France commemorated the 80th anniversary of the 1944 Allied landings in
Provence on Thursday, with six African leaders taking part in the
official events to highlight the major role played by African troops.
Speaking on the anniversary, President Emmanuel Macron paid tribute to
the contributions made by the soldiers recruited – often forcibly – in
French overseas colonies.
France
on Thursday commemorated the 1944 Allied landings in Provence, an event
overshadowed by the Normandy landings two months earlier, but still key
to the World War II endgame in Europe.
Six African leaders were to join official events, and President Emmanuel Macron was expected to single out the contribution of soldiers recruited -- often forcibly -- in French overseas colonies, notably in Africa.
It took decades for France to highlight the crucial role of non-white soldiers in the fighting.
Macron was to lead the commemorations first at the Boulouris necropolis near Saint-Raphael.
But much of the second part of the event was cancelled because of
storm warnings, including a reception for guests on a helicopter carrier
and a re-enactment of the landings in Toulon, which was at at the heart
of fighting on August 15, 1944.
That day 100,000 American, British and Canadian troops landed on the beaches of the Var region on the French Riviera.
They
were followed by 250,000 Free French soldiers, recruited mostly from
overseas colonies in Africa, with the aim of recapturing the key ports
of Marseille and Toulon from the German occupiers.
They succeeded within two weeks, having encountered only limited resistance from an exhausted German army.
'Operation Dragoon'
The lack of wartime drama comparable to
the bitter prolonged fighting when the Allies landed in Normandy weeks
earlier explains why the southern French invasion never captured the
collective imagination, historians say.
Nor did it inspire Hollywood's D-Day recreations such as "Saving Private Ryan" or "The Longest Day".
Efforts to mark the Provence landings with major events like those
seen for D-Day anniversaries have been hampered by the presence of
holidaymakers on Riviera beaches in August who are rarely in the mood
for solemn commemorations.
The Provence landings gave French
fighters a chance to prove their worth, and added weight to France's
subsequent claim to a seat at the table of World War II victors, despite
its lightning-fast defeat in 1940.
"The invasion of southern
France on August 15, 1944, is one of the least celebrated yet most
important combat operations by the Allies in the summer of 1944," author
Steven J. Zaloga wrote in a 2009 book about the invasion codenamed
"Operation Dragoon".
The attack "succeeded far beyond the wildest dreams of its advocates", he wrote.
'Not forgotten'
African leaders were first invited to commemorate the landings only half a century after the war.
Officials from Niger, Mali and Algeria were not expected to be present, highlighting France's strained ties with those countries.
Burkina Faso will be represented by a chargé d'affaires.
The
army in the Provence landings, commanded by general Jean de Lattre de
Tassigny, included 84,000 French settlers from Algeria, 12,000 Free
French troops and 12,000 Corsicans, but also 130,000 soldiers from
Algeria and Morocco, and 12,000 from Senegal and France's Pacific and Caribbean possessions.
Macron's 2019 call to name streets in France after African combatants
has largely gone unheeded, although some French towns remember the
African contributions on monuments and memorial sites.
"At the local level they are not forgotten," historian Jean-Marie Guillon told AFP.
Relations between France and its African recruits were fraught. A
December 1, 1944 showdown when French forces opened fire on African
troops who demanded backpay long cast a shadow over ties. More than 35
were killed.
Among Thursday's military displays will be a beach
landing of parachutists in honour of 5,000 Britons who landed there in
the night of August 14-15, 1944.
Overall, Allied forces suffered some 1,000 deaths that day, compared to more than 4,400 Allied deaths in Normandy.
On
Wednesday, a statue of Robert Tryon Frederick, the US commander of
airborne troops in Operation Dragoon, was unveiled in La Motte, the
first Provence village to be liberated.
